TIME: Almanac 1995

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<text id=93HT1315> <title> King: The Assassination </title> <history> TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--King Portrait </history> <article> <source>Time Magazine</source> <hdr> April 12, 1968 The Assassination </hdr> <body> In causation and execution, the murder of Martin Luther King was both a symbol and a symptom of the nation's racial malaise. The proximate cause of death was, ironically, a minor labor dispute in a Southern backwater: the two-month-old strike of 1,300 predominantly Negro garbage collectors in the decaying Mississippi river town of Memphis. The plight of the sanitation workers, caused by the refusal of Memphis' intransigent white Mayor Henry Loeb to meet their modest wage and compensation demands, first attracted and finally eradicated Dr. King, the conqueror of Montgomery, Birmingham and Selma. Paradoxically, when a Negro riot ensued during his first Memphis march a fortnight ago, and Loeb (along with Tennessee Governor Buford Ellington) responded with state troopers and National Guardsmen, King felt that his nonviolent philosophy had been besmirched and wanted to withdraw. Only at the urging of his aides in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference did he consent to return. Repairing the Image. King was more concerned with his planned "camp-in" of poverty-stricken Southern Negroes in the nation's capital, planned for April 22. There, as he wrote in a news release that reached S.C.L.C. supporters the morning after his death, he hoped to "channelize the smoldering rage of the Negro and white poor" in a showdown demonstration of nonviolence. Memphis was supposed to be only a way station toward Washington. Yet when he agreed to continue the Memphis struggle, it was under threat of both death and dishonor. The Eastern Airlines jet that carried King from Atlanta to Memphis was delayed 15 minutes before takeoff while crewmen checked its baggage for bombs that anonymous callers had warned were aboard. That was nothing particularly unusual for a man whose life had been threatened so often, but when King arrived in Memphis he met a different challenge. Some newspapers had emphasized during the previous week that the prophet of the poor had been staying at the luxurious Rivermont, a Holiday Inn hostelry on the Mississippi's east bank, which charges $29 a night for a suite. To repair his image, King checked into the Negro-owned Lorraine, a nondescript, two-story cinderblock structure near Memphis' renowned Beale Street (and conveniently close to the Claiborne Temple on Mason Street, kickoff point and terminus for the sanitation marches). At the Lorraine, King and his entourage paid $13 a night for their green-walled, rust- spotted rooms. The Fear of Death. Across Mulberry Street from the Lorraine, on a slight rise, stands a nameless rooming house adorned only with a metal awning whose red, green and yellow stripes shade an equally nameless clientele. Into that dwelling--actually two buildings, one for whites, the other for Negroes, and connected by a dank, umbilical hallway--walked a young, dark-haired white man in a neat business suit. "He had a silly little smile that I'll never forget," says Mrs. Bessie Brewer, who manages the rooming house. The man, who called himself John Willard, carefully chose Room 5, with a view of the Lorraine, and paid his $8.50 for the week with a crisp $20 bill--another rarity that stuck in Mrs. Brewer's mind. Back at the Lorraine, King and his aides were finishing a long, hot day of tactical planning for the next week's march--one that would be carried out in defiance of a federal district court injunction. In the course of the conference, King had assured his colleagues that, despite death threats, he was not afraid. "Maybe I've got the advantage over most people," he mused. "I've conquered the fear of death." King was well aware of his vulnerability. After the strategy session, King washed and dressed for dinner. Then he walked out of Room 306 onto the second-floor balcony of the Lorraine to take the evening air. Leaning casually on the green iron railing he chatted with his co-workers readying his Cadillac sedan in the dusk below. "A Stick of Dynamite." To Soul Singer Ben Branch, who was to perform at a Claiborne Temple rally later that evening, King made a special request: "I want you to sing that song 'Precious Lord' (Lead, lead, lead me on to the Land, Oh, oh, oh, take my hand, Precious Lord, And lead your child on home.) for me--sing it real pretty." When Chauffeur Solomon Jones naggingly advised King to don his topcoat against the evening's chill, the muscular Atlantan grinned and allowed: "O.K., I will." Then, from a window of the rooming house across the way, came a single shot. "It was like a stick of dynamite," recalled one aide. "It sounded like a firecracker, and I thought it was a pretty poor joke," said another. All of the aides hit the deck. The heavy-caliber bullet smashed through King's neck, exploded against his lower right jaw, severing his spinal cord and slamming him away from the rail, up against the wall, with hands drawn tautly toward his head. "Oh Lord!" moaned one of his lieutenants as he saw the blood flowing over King's white, button-down shirt. His aides tenderly laid towels over the gaping wound; some 30 hard-hatted Memphis police swiftly converged on the motel in response to the shot. In doing so, they missed the assassin, whose weapon (a scope-sighted 30.06-cal Remington pump rifle), binoculars and suitcase were found near the rooming house. A spent cartridge casing was left in the grimy lavatory. The range from window to balcony: an easy 205 ft. An ambulance came quickly, and raced him to St. Joseph's Hospital 1 1/2 miles away. Moribund as he entered the emergency ward, Martin Luther King Jr., 39, was pronounced dead within an hour of the shooting. His death was the twelfth major assassination and the most traumatic in the civil rights struggle since 1963. South Toward Home. The flurry of Negro outrage that followed the murder in Memphis was conducted mostly by high-spirited youths--and was more than compensated for in solemn grief. As soon as he learned of the shooting, Atlanta's Mayor Ivan Allen Jr., one of the South's best-accredited white civil rights advocates, called Mrs. Coretta King--who only last January had undergone major surgery--and arranged a flight to Memphis. At the Atlanta terminal, Allen received word that King had died at the hospital, and he broke the news to the widow in the foyer of the ladies' rest room. Mrs. King returned to the family's modest home on the edge of Atlanta's Vine City, a middle-class Negro neighborhood, where the phone was already ringing with calls from across the country. On hand to help answer was Mrs. Eugene McCarthy, wife of the Minnesota Senator, who had long worked with Mrs. King in ecumenical church affairs. One caller was New York's Senator Robert Kennedy, who had come to King's aid in 1960 when he was in jail for his Atlanta sit-ins. R.F.K. promised to send a plane to transport the leader's body back to Atlanta. To many whites, the subsequent mourning might have seemed unbearably emotional. In Memphis, before it was carried south toward home, King's body lay in state at the R.S. Lewis & Sons Funeral Home in an open bronze casket, the black suit tidily pressed, the wound in the throat now all but invisible. Many of those who filed past could not control their tears. Some kissed King's lips; others reverently touched his face. A few women threw their hands in the air and cried aloud in ululating agony. Mrs. King was a dry-eyed frieze of heartbreak. At the funeral this week, to be attended by many of the nation's and the world's great men, her composure will be hard to match. Highest Priority. For all the sense of personal loss that pervaded the nation with his death, Martin Luther King's heritage of nonviolence seemed to have endured its architect's demise. Those who predicted that racial pacifism had passed with him were contradicted last week from Harlem to Watts, in Northern ghettos and Southern grit towns, where black leaders and youths in great numbers took to the tense streets and urged their brothers to "cool it for the Doc." Mississippi's Charles Evers curbed a Jackson rising with Kingly oratory. Even such hardcore militants as Harlem Mau Mau Leader Charles 37X Kenyatta and Los Angeles' Ron Karenga, the shaven-skulled boss of the "US," manned sound trucks and passed resolutions calling for calm. Yet in the unhappy racial climate of the U.S. today, that forbearance could unravel with calamitous speed. If the murder of Martin Luther King is not to further polarize the racism, both black and white--decried only last month by the President's riot commission--the nation will have to accept the need for new programs, new laws and new attitudes toward the Negro. As the commission concluded, "There can be no higher priority for national action and no higher claim on the nation's conscience." The Man in Room 5 He was not a very methodical murderer. U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark, who descended on Memphis with 75 federal lawmen 14 hours after Martin Luther King was shot, said that the assassin had shed an "unusually large" amount of physical and psychological evidence. In the frowzy--and unlocked--communal bathroom where the killer waited for more than an hour before he could fire the fatal shot, investigators found a handprint, a thumbprint and an expended casing from his rifle. On the street outside the rooming house, where he occupied Room 5 with a clear view of King's motel across the way, he dropped his rifle and a blue overnight bag containing some clothes. All of these items and imprints gave the FBI and Memphis police a microscopic field day whose yield should provide invaluable courtroom evidence. Though few occupants of the rooming house who saw "John Willard" might prove credible witnesses, there were several solid citizens who distinctly recall his appearance and mannerisms. One was Bessie Brewer, the rooming-house manager, who recalls quite clearly the killer's looks, height (about 6 ft.), age (30-32), build (roughly 165 lbs. and slender) and accent ("he spoke just like any other Memphian," i.e., with a drawl). Other witnesses recounted in detail how a man of that description ran from the rooming house at the time of the shooting (6:01 p.m.), leaped into a white Mustang with no front license plate (all Tennessee cars have two), and then "laid rubber" up the road. Those clues--plus a total reward offer of $100,000--seemed more than enough to turn up the killer. The fact remains that the Memphis police--there were 35 in the immediate neighborhood--muffed their best chance to capture the killer during the minutes immediately after the shot. He escaped in exactly the right direction: the entrance to the rooming house fronted on a street just one block west of Mulberry, across which the shooting occurred. Thus the gunman had eluded the main concentration of police even before he hit the street. Just why he dropped his weapon and overnight bag is a mystery. Though the search spread to a six-state area (Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri and Tennessee), Attorney General Clark refused to predict an early arrest. </body> </article> </text>